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Aquaculture Articles
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Aquaculture Pond Cakes Trial Report |
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Conducted product
trials for Aquaculture Pond Cakes at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh,
India. The trial results shows - increased levels of Dissolved
Oxygen, decreased levels of Ammonia, improvement of plankton
cell density and control of Vibrio sp. loads.
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Nitrite problem in Freshwater Fish Aquaculture |
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Brown Blood Disease
occurs in fish when water contains high nitrite concentrations.
Nitrite enters the bloodstream through the gills and turns the
blood to a chocolate-brown color. Hemoglobin, which transports
oxygen in the blood, combines with nitrite to form
Methemoglobin, which is incapable of oxygen transport.
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Vibriosis
in Shrimp Aquaculture |
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Aquaculture is the fastest growing
food sector globally and is established itself
as high protein resource to fulfill the food demand since the
natural resources
exhibits over exploitation. But, presently, the biggest problem
faced by the
aquaculture industry worldwide is diseases caused due to various
biological andnon-biological agents......... |
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Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic Bacteria |
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There's a lot of confusion
among aqua culturists about nitrifying bacteria. This is
due in large part to the recent emergence of a wide
variety of bacterial products claiming to be nitrifiers or
nitrifying aids. The confusion results from the plethora
of misinformation presented in advertisements and the aqua
culturists general lack of knowledge about bacteria. Most
of these products actually contain species of
heterotrophic bacteria from the genera Bacillus and
others........... |
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A Review on Shrimp Immunity and Disease Control |
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The sustainability and
development of shrimp aquaculture are largely at stake as
significant ecological and pathological problems are
increasing in the vast majority of the shrimp producing
countries. Prevention and control of diseases are now the
priority for the durability of this industry........ |
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KloSant |
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KloSant is a biosecurity
product providing Chlorine Dioxide with suitable
stabilizers for sanitizing water and contact surfaces of
all multi-use containers, utensils, and equipment used in
the aquaculture operations. KloSant is safe, effective
with proven efficacy for potential use in aquaculture of
both hatcheries and farms........ |
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Outlook for Fish to 2020 – A Review |
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The supplies of fish in the
world’s vast oceans once seemed inexhaustible. Not any
more. In the past three decades, production and
consumption of fish have risen so dramatically that the
world’s wild fisheries may fall victim to their own
success....... |
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ViraNil |
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A VERSATILE BIOSECURITY
FORMULA FOR CLEAN SHRIMP PRODUCTION......
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Aquaculture Health Issues
The Role of Biosecurity and Biotechnology |
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Disease outbreaks are being
increasingly recognized as a significant constraint to
aquaculture production, trade and are affecting economic
development of the sector in many countries of the world.
Disease is now considered to be the most limiting factor
in the shrimp culture sub-sector. Some figures are
available on direct economic losses which indicate the
significance of the problem, although social and other
related impact, such as trade and employment issues, drug
use and environmental costs, has never been properly
quantified. Estimates of economic losses suggest that
developing countries in Asia lost at least Rs. 7000 crores
(App. US $ 1.55 Billions) due to diseases in 1990 alone.
Since then, losses have increased. Reports from China
suggest losses in 1993 of Rs. 4500 crores (App. US $ 1.0
Billions) due to shrimp viral disease outbreaks. A 1995
estimate suggests that aquatic animal disease and
environment-related problems may cause annual losses to
aquaculture production in Asian countries have more than
Rs. 13500 crores (App. US $ 3.0 Billions) per year.
According to recent reports, global losses due to shrimp
disease are more than Rs. 18000 crores (App. US $ 4.0
Billions) and the World Bank investing of Rs. 1240 crores
(App. US $ 0.28 Billions) in shrimp disease research. |
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AQUACULTURE-DISINFECTANTS, SANITISERS AND FEED SUPPLEMENTS |
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Control of water quality is
the key factor for a successful culture of aquatic animals
like fish, prawn and shrimp. An open water system with
sufficient good water quality may ensure successful
aquaculture. However, if proper quality or sufficient
quantity of water is not available, purification of water
by eliminating polluting substances including toxic
metabolites and growth inhibiting substances which
originate mainly form fish or shrimp excretion and
excessive feed is necessary. Under these lower water
quality conditions there are chances for occurrence of
mortalities by diseases due to viral, bacterial, protozoal,
fungal pathogens. High populations of aquatic animals can
be kept healthy under successful semi-closed and closed
systems by maintaining proper sanitisation. The increased
demand in water quality and quantity in shrimp and fish
culture has resulted in a growing interest in using water
sanitisers and disinfectants. |
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ADVANCED BIOTECHNOLOGY PROCESS ‘THE
BIOREMEDIATION’
TO RESTORE THE HEALTH OF AQUACULTURE POND ECOSYSTEM |
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Abstract |
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Aquaculture is concerned with ‘the propagation and rearing of
aquatic organisms under complete human control involving
manipulation of atleast one stage of an aquatic organism's life
before harvest, in order to increase its production’. Fish
catches from the marine environment have been steadily declining
in many parts of the world due to over-exploitation and
pollution, many people are turning to aquaculture to improve the
food production and to contribute for economic development.
Aquaculture, in India, has made encouraging progress in the past
two decades producing significant quantities of food, income and
employment. Aquaculture, particularly, tiger shrimp Penaeus
monodon culture, has extensively been practiced all along
coastal regions of India. Increased production is being achieved
by expansion of culture areas and the use of modern methods.
This development of aquaculture in our country has led to not
only severe disease problems but also alteration of the quality
of our natural habitats through increased effluent discharges
from aquaculture systems, which contains high quantities of
hither-to-non-existent materials of both organic and inorganic
forms. Since recent past it has been observed that the
sustainable development of aquaculture sector can be achieved by
adopting eco-friendly aquaculture practices by minimizing impact
on the surrounding environment. To maintain healthy ecosystem in
aquaculture ponds and hatchery tanks bioremediation is the best
biotechnology process. Many researchers has been demonstrated
that the pathogens can be eliminated or minimized through this
bio-control process and hence can achieve good yield by
maximizing both survival rate and growth rate and by minimizing
the disease problems in aquaculture systems. |
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Key
words: Aquaculture;
Over-exploitation; Pollution; Penaeus monodon; Sustainable
development; Eco-friendly; Bioremediation; Probiotics; Enzymes;
feed additives; Water Quality; Disease control. |
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Aquaculture - Biosecurity |
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The importance of
biosecurity and disinfection in aquaculture |
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The world's demands for high quality aquaculture products make
control of diseases increasingly important. Good Biosecurity
measures are vital to maintaining healthy animals, to reducing
the risk of acquiring diseases in aquaculture facilities and to
harvest high quality good yield. |
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A Review on Shrimp Immunity and Disease
Control |
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The sustainability and development of shrimp aquaculture are
largely at stake as significant ecological and pathological
problems are increasing in the vast majority of the shrimp
producing countries. Prevention and control of diseases are now
the priority for the durability of this industry. Within the
past decade, intensification of the shrimp production, based on
progress in zootechnology, has increased but with little
corresponding increase in scientific knowledge of shrimp
physiology. Within this field, shrimp immunology is a key
element in establishing strategies for the control of diseases
in shrimp aquaculture. |
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Liming and its Principles in Aquaculture |
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The favorable influence of liming on fish/shrimp/prawn
production in aquaculture ponds of soft and acid waters has been
attributed to several of the effects on water quality. Liming
increases the pH of bottom mud and thereby increases the
availability of phosphorus added in fertilizer. Liming increases
benthic production in fertilized ponds, apparently through
increased nutrient availability and also liming increases
microbial activity in mud through
a favorable increase in pH. |
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Role and importance of pH in shrimp pond |
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pH is an expression of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in water
and therefore serves as an indicator of acidity(H+) and basicity
(OH-)/ alkalinity. It is one of the most important critical
chemical parameter to consider, because it affects both the
metabolic activities and other physiological processes of the
aquatic organisms (i.e. biota) particularly shrimp in culture
ponds. A certain range of pH (pH 7.4 – 8.5) should be maintained
for desirable growth and production of the shrimp. Water is
neutral at pH 7 and is acidic below pH 7 and basic
above pH 7. |
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Importance of Plankton in Aquaculture and
The Benefits of EcoPlankt-Aqua |
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Aquaculture organisms have to obtain all their nutritional
requirements, except for part of the mineral requirements,
through the food they consume. In nature, most of the organisms
subsist on live food consisting of plants and animals obtained
from the environment, but some do ingest and possible utilize
detritus along with associated organisms. The initial source of
food for many larval organisms is phytoplankton. This is
probably associated with the size of the larvae at hatching.
After a certain period of time the larvae of most species can be
fed exclusively on zooplankton or a combination of plant and
animal matter i.e. plankton. The term ‘plankton’ can be defined
chiefly as microscopic drifting or floating organisms in the sea
and fresh waters and may be having feasible floating devices.
The plant components of all the plankton are the phytoplankton
and are the primary producers for the entire aquatic body,
whereas the animal components of the plankton are the
zooplankton and are the primary consumers. |
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Use of Chemicals and Other Biological
Agents in the Management
Practices Associated with Aquaculture |
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Aquaculturists through out the world have used a wide array of
chemicals and biological agents in an attempt to improve soil
and water quality and thereby prevent or control different
diseases. Some of these substances are thought to kill the
disease causing agents or its potential carriers. Other
substances are claimed to stimulate the immune system of culture
organism and help them resist the disease. Substances that
improve environmental conditions in ponds and thereby reduce
stress also are thought to enhance the resistance of culture
organism to disease. The agents used in this attempt may be
applied to pond soil and water before culture organisms are
stocked, applied to the water during the crop or added to the
feed. The purpose of this review is to list the major chemicals
and other substances used in aquaculture and comment on their
food and environmental safety status and on the risks associated
with handling them. The following groups of substances are be
included: fertilizers, liming materials, oxidizing agents,
antibiotics, plant extracts, coagulants, osmoregulators,
algicides and herbicides, piscicides, water quality enhancers,
probiotics and immunostimulants. The most common substances used
in pond aquaculture are fertilizers and liming materials.
Fertilizers are highly soluble and release nutrients that can
cause eutrophication of pond waters. Some liming materials are
caustic and can be hazardous to workers if proper precautions
are not exercised. Liming materials do not cause environmental
problems, and liming and inorganic fertilizer compounds do not
present food safety concerns. These compounds or biological
products quickly degrade or precipitate. They are not
bioaccumulative and do not cause environmental perturbations in
natural waters receiving aquaculture effluents. Most substances
used in aquaculture to improve soil or water quality present
little or no risk to food safety. The use of human wastes in
aquaculture or the contamination of aquaculture systems with
agricultural or industrial pollution could result in product
contamination and food safety concerns. |
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Stress – Various Stress Factors in Shrimp Farming |
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Over the last twenty years commercial aquaculture has
experienced spectacular growth. A significant component of the
fish and shrimp based protein that humans consume, especially in
first world countries, is now provided by these activities. Many
species have gone from small-scale regional production to
large-scale global production. Disease has substantially
impacted the profitability of many of these industries and has
been instrumental in shaping the evolution of the aquaculture
industry. Shrimp farming has failed to realize its potential as
a direct result of disease. |
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Water quality and Water quality Management
in Aquaculture |
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Aquaculture can be defined as the high-density production of
fish, shellfish and plant forms in a controlled environment.
Stocking rates for high-density aquaculture are typically
thousand fold greater than wild environments. Modern fish
culturists employ both open and close systems to raise fish.
Open systems, such as, the raceways (used in hatcheries of both
finfish and shellfish and also in eel, trout culture) are
characterized by rapid turnover of water. Closed systems are
commonplace in pond culture of carps, catfishes, tilapia, sea
bass, prawn and shrimp among others. Closed aquaculture systems
do not have rapid turnover of water, but do not have a high
surface to volume ratio facilitating exchange of gases,
nutrients, energy etc. with the surroundings. Such closed
system, intensified, high-density aquaculture forms the basis of
concern. |
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